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Hydrogels have been widely applied in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering, due to their many favorable characteristics. Their high water content renders them compatible with living tissues and proteins and their rubbery nature minimizes damage to the surrounding tissue. Their mechanical properties parallel those of soft tissues, making them particularly appealing...
Hydrogels have been successfully used in several biomedical applications, such as controlled drug release and micro-patterning. More recently, the ability to engineer composite hydrogels has generated new opportunities in addressing challenges in tissue engineering as well as in tissue function restoration via prostheses. Indeed, the knowledge of biocompatible materials and preparation technologies...
Tissue engineering is an emerging field of regenerative medicine that holds promise for the restoration of tissues and organs affected by chronic diseases, age-linked degeneration, congenital deformity, and trauma. Tissue engineering consists of building tissue and organs using cells grown on natural or artificial biomaterials outside the body. Recent efforts in bone and cartilage tissue regeneration...
Controlled cell assembly technique is a new research area in complex organ development technologies. Gelatin-based hydrogels, such as gelatin, gelatin/alginate, gelatin/chitosan, gelatin/fibrinogen, gelatin/hyaluronan, and gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen, have played an important role in the rapid fabrication of tissue or organs with well-defined structures and functions. Cryoprotectants, such as dimethylsulfoxide...
Hydrogels are soft and wet materials with a wide range of biomedical applications to make tissue due to their unique properties, such as phase-transition, chemo-mechanical behavior, stimuli-responsiveness, and low surface friction. However, most hydrogels are mechanically too weak to be used practically in load-bearing applications. Double Network (DN) hydrogels are composed of both rigid and soft...
Contact lenses can be classified in a number of ways; however, the two main categories are hard and soft lenses, which are based on the material used for their manufacture. The soft lens category can be further divided into hydrophobic and hydrophilic subcategories. Consequently, the development of contact lens materials took three specific directions: hydrogels with high water content, rigid gas-permeable...
Methods for the synthesis of electroconductive hydrogels (ECH), as polymer blends and as polymer conetworks via chemical oxidation, electrochemical, or a combination of chemical oxidation followed by electrochemical synthesis techniques, are described. Specific examples are introduced to illustrate the preparation of ECHs synthesized from poly(HEMA)-based hydrogels and polyaniline or from poly(HEMA)-based...
Functional nanogels have been designed by the self-assembly of various associating polymers. In particular, cholesterol-bearing polysaccharides form physically crosslinked nanogels by self-assembly in water. The nanogels trap proteins mainly by hydrophobic interaction and show chaperon-like activity. They are useful as polymeric nanocarriers especially in protein delivery. Macrogels with well-defined...
High swelling hydrogels (HSHs) are materials with the ability to swell to a large size in an aqueous medium. The swelling feature and mechanical properties of the HSH polymers depend on many factors. Therefore, the HSH properties can be engineered to tailor a hydrogels for a specific application. This chapter begins with the HSH anatomy and its engineering aspects, and continues with the purity of...
Superabsorbent hydrogels have unique swelling features that are highly attractive for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications. The swelling capacity of many hydrogels, however, is very sensitive to the pH and ionic strength of the solution. Acids and bases, as well as salts (monovalent, multivalent) can significantly affect the solution properties of these polymers. Therefore, it is...
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